The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

    The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is an interdisciplinary investigation addressing two primary science goals: (1) Define environmental and ecological controls on plankton communities and (2) Define linkages between ocean ecosystem properties and biogenic aerosols. Within these two broad goals, the NAAMES investigation focuses on identifying environment-ecosystem-aerosol interdependencies in the climate-sensitive North Atlantic. This ocean region hosts the largest annual plankton bloom in the global ocean and its impact on Earth’s radiative balance is particularly sensitive to biogenic aerosol emissions. Specific baseline science objectives of NAAMES are to (1) Characterize plankton ecosystem properties during primary phases of the annual cycle in the North Atlantic and their dependence on environmental forcings, (2) Determine how primary phases of the North Atlantic annual plankton cycle interact to recreate each year the conditions for an annual bloom, and (3) Resolve how remote marine aerosols and boundary layer clouds are influenced by plankton ecosystems in the North Atlantic. These objectives are accomplished by coupling autonomous in situ and satellite measurements sustained throughout the NAAMES investigation with short-term, coordinated ship and airborne campaigns that target critical events in the annual plankton cycle and focus on detailed system characterization. These direct observations are integrated with climate-ecosystem modeling to create a process-based understanding that allows improved interpretation of historical data records and improved predictions of future change.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is an interdisciplinary investigation addressing two primary science goals: (1) Define environmental and ecological controls on plankton communities and (2) Define linkages between ocean ecosystem properties and biogenic aerosols. Within these two broad goals, the NAAMES investigation focuses on identifying environment-ecosystem-aerosol interdependencies in the climate-sensitive North Atlantic. This ocean region hosts the largest annual plankton bloom in the global ocean and its impact on Earth’s radiative balance is particularly sensitive to biogenic aerosol emissions. Specific baseline science objectives of NAAMES are to (1) Characterize plankton ecosystem properties during primary phases of the annual cycle in the North Atlantic and their dependence on environmental forcings, (2) Determine how primary phases of the North Atlantic annual plankton cycle interact to recreate each year the conditions for an annual bloom, and (3) Resolve how remote marine aerosols and boundary layer clouds are influenced by plankton ecosystems in the North Atlantic. These objectives are accomplished by coupling autonomous in situ and satellite measurements sustained throughout the NAAMES investigation with short-term, coordinated ship and airborne campaigns that target critical events in the annual plankton cycle and focus on detailed system characterization. These direct observations are integrated with climate-ecosystem modeling to create a process-based understanding that allows improved interpretation of historical data records and improved predictions of future change.

      The primary objective of this proposal is to collect a suite of glassy volcanic rocks from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, measure the full suite of volatiles, major elements, trace elements, and isotopes, and evaluate their geochemical variability with respect to their geological setting.  An ROV or submersible is required for this project because the seafloor eruption style will be critical in relating the samples to local and regional tectonics.  We propose a field program to the MAR between 13°30’ and 14°05’N that makes use of existing sonar data between 13° 15’N and 13° 50’N (Mallows and Searle, 2012), the Alvin, Sentry and the WHOI TowCam.  The use of Alvin will allow us to collect well located samples and to determine if vesicularity and volatile abundances relate to their geologic setting and at what scale (i.e. segment wide, 'tectonic' vs. 'magmatic', adjacent to detachment faults, etc.).  This will include sampling on the segment scale (e.g., magmatic segment center and detachment faulted terrain), and the local scale related to seamounts/source vents, lava flow size and origin, and proximity to detachment faults.  Existing data from dredge samples do not allow evaluation of these factors.  The use of Alvin will also allow controlled sampling of glassy samples, not just with respect to geologic setting, but to ensure preservation of the volatiles.  Selected glassy samples will be collected in anaerobic sea-floor samplers that retain (some) sea floor pressure and temperature, thus minimize air contamination (Kurz and Curtice, 2009), reducing the reliance on post-analysis corrections.   These vessels will also permit collection of any gas exsolved at the surface because the samples can be kept immersed, allowing them to warm slowly (exsolved gases will then be collected in copper tubes).  This will reduce the uncertainties associated with estimates of “pre-degassing” volatile contents. In addition to existing sonar data, we will use  AUV Sentry make local high-resolution bathymetry and sonar maps north of 13Ëš50 (i.e., the magmatic segment) to define the geologic context of those samples. TowCam will be used for reconnaissance imaging and characterization to help define Alvin and Sentry dive targets.

The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is an interdisciplinary investigation addressing two primary science goals: (1) Define environmental and ecological controls on plankton communities and (2) Define linkages between ocean ecosystem properties and biogenic aerosols. Within these two broad goals, the NAAMES investigation focuses on identifying environment-ecosystem-aerosol interdependencies in the climate-sensitive North Atlantic. This ocean region hosts the largest annual plankton bloom in the global ocean and its impact on Earth’s radiative balance is particularly sensitive to biogenic aerosol emissions. Specific baseline science objectives of NAAMES are to (1) Characterize plankton ecosystem properties during primary phases of the annual cycle in the North Atlantic and their dependence on environmental forcings, (2) Determine how primary phases of the North Atlantic annual plankton cycle interact to recreate each year the conditions for an annual bloom, and (3) Resolve how remote marine aerosols and boundary layer clouds are influenced by plankton ecosystems in the North Atlantic. These objectives are accomplished by coupling autonomous in situ and satellite measurements sustained throughout the NAAMES investigation with short-term, coordinated ship and airborne campaigns that target critical events in the annual plankton cycle and focus on detailed system characterization. These direct observations are integrated with climate-ecosystem modeling to create a process-based understanding that allows improved interpretation of historical data records and improved predictions of future change.

The NAAMES investigation has a duration of 5 years and involves 4 field campaigns.  Each field campaign will share a common observation profile.  The first campaign will occur in November 2015 and will involve the UNOLS R/V Atlantis.  For each campaign, ship-based measurements will be accompanied by aircraft measurements.  The aircraft will be a NASA C-130 stationed either from Saint John’s Bay, Canada, or the Lajes Field in the Azores. Global Class Research Vessels, such as the Atlantis, are required for each field campaign due to requirements for foreward deck space for a full-sized aerosols van, deck space for a radioisotope van, and the large scientific complement (34 berths).  A global class vessel is also advantageous for the NAAMES project on account of sea-worthiness during field studies that span the annual cycle.

Each field campaign involves a 26-day, roughly triangular-shaped ship transect (see uploaded files on transect and stations). The ship’s direction around the transect triangle is scientifically irrelevant, allowing real-time adjustments based on prevailing and forecasted weather conditions and sea-states. Assuming a counterclockwise direction, the ship proceeds from Woods Hole to the turning point at 40° N. During this outbound leg, underway sampling is conducted, but not regular overboard deployments.  It would be very beneficial to make at least one stop during the outbound transect to conduct a ‘shake-down’ station of overboard operations.  Following the turn northward, the full complement of ship-based measurements begins and continues until the northern-most turning point (~55° N). During this primary latitudinal science leg, daily operations involve a sampling station that begins near dawn and then continues until ~11:00.  Station operations will include multiple CTD/Rosette casts, the first of which will be relatively shallow casts (~200 m), followed by a deep cast to ~2000 m.  Optical and other instruments mounted on the rosette for the shallow casts but with depth limits <2000 m will need to be removed before the deep cast.  Following the deep cast, an additional shallow cast will be conducted for final water sampling and underwater light measurements.  Also during station, measurements will be made of downwelling light properties and water leaving radiances.  In addition to daily station occupations, 2 stations will be chosen for long-term measurement series (36-48 h).  During the long-term stations, a surface lagrangian drifter will be deployed upon arrival at station and then measurements will be conducted over the following occupation while following the trajectory of the drifter.  This approach minimizes the impacts of advective processes on measured system changes over the long-term station. Once the primary science transect is complete and the northern-most turning point is reached, the return transect will commence, with continuous in-line measurements conducted until the day before port arrival, but no additional station occupations anticipated.

In addition to water sampling and flow through seawater measurements, another key component of the NAAMES investigation is the measurement of aerosols.  For this aspect, key measurements will be conducted from the Aersosols Van, located on the forward deck of the ship.  Aerosol measurements are conducted continuously while the wind is from the forward direction. These measurement have to be terminated when the wind is from the backward direction, due to contamination from the ship.  Thus, it is desired to keep the ship orientation favorable for aerosol samples for the greatest fraction of the time feasible (understanding that ship orientation during overboard castings is dictated by sea state and wire angle). 

Also during the field campaigns, deployments will be made of five autonomous profiling floats and surface drifters.  Deployments will occur along the N-S primary latitudinal science transect, with exact location dependent on station location and real-time information on regional mesoscale eddies.  Surface drifter deployments will target mesoscale eddy centers and will provide water parcel tracking capabilities that inform flight patterns for the C-130.   

Airborne deployments accompanying the ship measurements will focus on the primary N-S latitudinal transect.  The airborne measurements include in situ aerosol sampling and remote sensing measurements with a hyperspectral ocean color sensor, a high resolution lidar, a polarimeter, and a downwelling irradiance sensor.  Aircraft measurements need to be highly coordinated with the ship, so regular communications between the two platforms is essential.  The NAAMES team gained considerable experience conducting successful ship-aircraft campaigns during the previous 2012 Azores campaign and the 2014 SABOR campaign.  Aircraft measurements begin shortly after takeoff, and continue during the transect to the ship.  Once arriving at the ship, a diversity of flight patterns are followed to characterize horizontal and vertical variability in ocean ecosystem and aerosol properties.  The aircraft transect will also include fly-overs of regions previously sampled by the ship, as tracked by the surface drifters.  These drifters essentially provide a ‘bread crumb trail’ that allows the aircraft to follow changes in system properties well after the ship has departed a given sampling station.  One the primary science measurements are complete along the ship transect, the aircraft returns to base.

The NAAMES investigation has a duration of 5 years and involves 4 field campaigns.  Each field campaign will share a common observation profile.  The first campaign will occur in November 2015 and will involve the UNOLS R/V Atlantis.  For each campaign, ship-based measurements will be accompanied by aircraft measurements.  The aircraft will be a NASA C-130 stationed either from Saint John’s Bay, Canada, or the Lajes Field in the Azores. Global Class Research Vessels, such as the Atlantis, are required for each field campaign due to requirements for foreward deck space for a full-sized aerosols van, deck space for a radioisotope van, and the large scientific complement (34 berths).  A global class vessel is also advantageous for the NAAMES project on account of sea-worthiness during field studies that span the annual cycle.

Each field campaign involves a 26-day, roughly triangular-shaped ship transect (see uploaded files on transect and stations). The ship’s direction around the transect triangle is scientifically irrelevant, allowing real-time adjustments based on prevailing and forecasted weather conditions and sea-states. Assuming a counterclockwise direction, the ship proceeds from Woods Hole to the turning point at 40° N. During this outbound leg, underway sampling is conducted, but not regular overboard deployments.  It would be very beneficial to make at least one stop during the outbound transect to conduct a ‘shake-down’ station of overboard operations.  Following the turn northward, the full complement of ship-based measurements begins and continues until the northern-most turning point (~55° N). During this primary latitudinal science leg, daily operations involve a sampling station that begins near dawn and then continues until ~11:00.  Station operations will include multiple CTD/Rosette casts, the first of which will be relatively shallow casts (~200 m), followed by a deep cast to ~2000 m.  Optical and other instruments mounted on the rosette for the shallow casts but with depth limits <2000 m will need to be removed before the deep cast.  Following the deep cast, an additional shallow cast will be conducted for final water sampling and underwater light measurements.  Also during station, measurements will be made of downwelling light properties and water leaving radiances.  In addition to daily station occupations, 2 stations will be chosen for long-term measurement series (36-48 h).  During the long-term stations, a surface lagrangian drifter will be deployed upon arrival at station and then measurements will be conducted over the following occupation while following the trajectory of the drifter.  This approach minimizes the impacts of advective processes on measured system changes over the long-term station. Once the primary science transect is complete and the northern-most turning point is reached, the return transect will commence, with continuous in-line measurements conducted until the day before port arrival, but no additional station occupations anticipated.

In addition to water sampling and flow through seawater measurements, another key component of the NAAMES investigation is the measurement of aerosols.  For this aspect, key measurements will be conducted from the Aersosols Van, located on the forward deck of the ship.  Aerosol measurements are conducted continuously while the wind is from the forward direction. These measurement have to be terminated when the wind is from the backward direction, due to contamination from the ship.  Thus, it is desired to keep the ship orientation favorable for aerosol samples for the greatest fraction of the time feasible (understanding that ship orientation during overboard castings is dictated by sea state and wire angle). 

Also during the field campaigns, deployments will be made of five autonomous profiling floats and surface drifters.  Deployments will occur along the N-S primary latitudinal science transect, with exact location dependent on station location and real-time information on regional mesoscale eddies.  Surface drifter deployments will target mesoscale eddy centers and will provide water parcel tracking capabilities that inform flight patterns for the C-130.   

Airborne deployments accompanying the ship measurements will focus on the primary N-S latitudinal transect.  The airborne measurements include in situ aerosol sampling and remote sensing measurements with a hyperspectral ocean color sensor, a high resolution lidar, a polarimeter, and a downwelling irradiance sensor.  Aircraft measurements need to be highly coordinated with the ship, so regular communications between the two platforms is essential.  The NAAMES team gained considerable experience conducting successful ship-aircraft campaigns during the previous 2012 Azores campaign and the 2014 SABOR campaign.  Aircraft measurements begin shortly after takeoff, and continue during the transect to the ship.  Once arriving at the ship, a diversity of flight patterns are followed to characterize horizontal and vertical variability in ocean ecosystem and aerosol properties.  The aircraft transect will also include fly-overs of regions previously sampled by the ship, as tracked by the surface drifters.  These drifters essentially provide a ‘bread crumb trail’ that allows the aircraft to follow changes in system properties well after the ship has departed a given sampling station.  One the primary science measurements are complete along the ship transect, the aircraft returns to base.

The NAAMES investigation has a duration of 5 years and involves 4 field campaigns.  Each field campaign will share a common observation profile.  The first campaign will occur in November 2015 and will involve the UNOLS R/V Atlantis.  For each campaign, ship-based measurements will be accompanied by aircraft measurements.  The aircraft will be a NASA C-130 stationed either from Saint John’s Bay, Canada, or the Lajes Field in the Azores. Global Class Research Vessels, such as the Atlantis, are required for each field campaign due to requirements for foreward deck space for a full-sized aerosols van, deck space for a radioisotope van, and the large scientific complement (34 berths).  A global class vessel is also advantageous for the NAAMES project on account of sea-worthiness during field studies that span the annual cycle.

Each field campaign involves a 26-day, roughly triangular-shaped ship transect (see uploaded files on transect and stations). The ship’s direction around the transect triangle is scientifically irrelevant, allowing real-time adjustments based on prevailing and forecasted weather conditions and sea-states. Assuming a counterclockwise direction, the ship proceeds from Woods Hole to the turning point at 40° N. During this outbound leg, underway sampling is conducted, but not regular overboard deployments.  It would be very beneficial to make at least one stop during the outbound transect to conduct a ‘shake-down’ station of overboard operations.  Following the turn northward, the full complement of ship-based measurements begins and continues until the northern-most turning point (~55° N). During this primary latitudinal science leg, daily operations involve a sampling station that begins near dawn and then continues until ~11:00.  Station operations will include multiple CTD/Rosette casts, the first of which will be relatively shallow casts (~200 m), followed by a deep cast to ~2000 m.  Optical and other instruments mounted on the rosette for the shallow casts but with depth limits <2000 m will need to be removed before the deep cast.  Following the deep cast, an additional shallow cast will be conducted for final water sampling and underwater light measurements.  Also during station, measurements will be made of downwelling light properties and water leaving radiances.  In addition to daily station occupations, 2 stations will be chosen for long-term measurement series (36-48 h).  During the long-term stations, a surface lagrangian drifter will be deployed upon arrival at station and then measurements will be conducted over the following occupation while following the trajectory of the drifter.  This approach minimizes the impacts of advective processes on measured system changes over the long-term station. Once the primary science transect is complete and the northern-most turning point is reached, the return transect will commence, with continuous in-line measurements conducted until the day before port arrival, but no additional station occupations anticipated.

In addition to water sampling and flow through seawater measurements, another key component of the NAAMES investigation is the measurement of aerosols.  For this aspect, key measurements will be conducted from the Aersosols Van, located on the forward deck of the ship.  Aerosol measurements are conducted continuously while the wind is from the forward direction. These measurement have to be terminated when the wind is from the backward direction, due to contamination from the ship.  Thus, it is desired to keep the ship orientation favorable for aerosol samples for the greatest fraction of the time feasible (understanding that ship orientation during overboard castings is dictated by sea state and wire angle). 

Also during the field campaigns, deployments will be made of five autonomous profiling floats and surface drifters.  Deployments will occur along the N-S primary latitudinal science transect, with exact location dependent on station location and real-time information on regional mesoscale eddies.  Surface drifter deployments will target mesoscale eddy centers and will provide water parcel tracking capabilities that inform flight patterns for the C-130.   

Airborne deployments accompanying the ship measurements will focus on the primary N-S latitudinal transect.  The airborne measurements include in situ aerosol sampling and remote sensing measurements with a hyperspectral ocean color sensor, a high resolution lidar, a polarimeter, and a downwelling irradiance sensor.  Aircraft measurements need to be highly coordinated with the ship, so regular communications between the two platforms is essential.  The NAAMES team gained considerable experience conducting successful ship-aircraft campaigns during the previous 2012 Azores campaign and the 2014 SABOR campaign.  Aircraft measurements begin shortly after takeoff, and continue during the transect to the ship.  Once arriving at the ship, a diversity of flight patterns are followed to characterize horizontal and vertical variability in ocean ecosystem and aerosol properties.  The aircraft transect will also include fly-overs of regions previously sampled by the ship, as tracked by the surface drifters.  These drifters essentially provide a ‘bread crumb trail’ that allows the aircraft to follow changes in system properties well after the ship has departed a given sampling station.  One the primary science measurements are complete along the ship transect, the aircraft returns to base.