Summary of Test Results on scallop shells: Adhesives applied in air and aged in refrigerated seawater. Shells were empty, cleaned, and wetted and then blotted dry before adhesives applied.

Adhesive	Manufacturer	Immersion Time	Results
hydraulic cement	Sta-Dri Co.	6 days	good bond to shell; poor bond to netting
silicone 051135-08017	3M Co.	6 days	easily peeled
Aquamend	PSI	6 days	one good bond; one peeled bond
Kneadatite	PSI	6 days	easily peeled
Fastbond 30-NF	3M Co.	6 days	easily peeled
PSI-326	PSI	3 days	excellent bond
Marine Sealant 5200	3M Co.	3 days	Excellent bond
Sealant 101	3M Co.	3 days	Still pliable; can be peeled
Fastcure 4200	3M Co.	3 days	Excellent bond
Fastcure 5200	3M Co.	3 days	Still pliable; can be peeled
Ceramicrete	Argonne Nat. Lab.	13 days	Inconclusive
HardmanR	Harcros Chemicals	13 days	Excellent bond
Fastcure 08107	3M Co.	13 days	Excellent bond

Adhesives applied in air to damp shells, dried for 15 minutes, immersed in flowing seawater at 8.5^oC These shells were live shellfish with mimimal algae fouling on the shells.

Adhesive	Manufacturer	Immersion Time	Results
Fastcure 08107	3M Co.	48 hours	88% bonds intact after 48 hours; after 4 months, 8 bonds still intact
Smart Glue	Polymeric Systems, Inc.	48 hours	48% bonds resisted peeling; bonds degraded after 2 months
Goop Supermend Epoxy Paste		48 hours	28% bonds intact; bonds degraded after 2 months
HardmanR	Harcros Chemicals	48 hours	all bonds failed (25 out of 25)

Rick Karney shows the lab trays where the adhesives are being tested. All the adhesives showed some degradation with prolonged exposure to seawater.

Summer tests of adhesives. Water temperature is ambient. On July 8, 2002, the temperature of the water was 22^oC in the indoor tank where the adhesives are tested in flowing seawater. Adhesive applied to live scallops, blotted dry with paper towels. Adhesive allowed to cure in air on bench top. Adhesive and scallops returned to flowing seawater after 15-30 minutes in air, as noted.

Adhesive	Manufacturer	Immersion Time	Results
Ceramicrete	Argonne Lab	5 weeks (start 6/24/02)	5 out of 5 bonds intact for 5 weeks
Ceramicrete	Argonne Lab	3 weeks (start 7/8/02)	9 out of 9 bonds intact for 3 weeks
PSI-326, Smart Glue	Polymeric Systems, Inc.	4 weeks (start 7/1/02)	10 out of 12 bonds intact for 4 weeks
bone cement 51458	Stoelting Co.	4 weeks (start 7/1/02)	1 out of 6 bonds intact for 4 weeks
bone cement 51458	Stoelting Co.	2 week (start 7/16/02)	10 out of 12 bonds intact for 2 week
PSI-326	Polymeric Systems, Inc.	(start 7/29/02)	12 bonds; prep. w/ alcohol
bone cement 51458	Stoelting Co.	(start 7/29/02)	12 bonds; prep. w/alcohol
3M Fastcure 08107	3M Co.	(start 7/29/02)	12 bonds; prep. w/alcohol

All of the scallops in the above test were transferred outdoors to a floating cage on July 29, 2002 to continue the lifetests. New bonds were prepared on Aug. 5 and added directly to the outdoor cage.

adhesive	test inside	test outside	total time
Stoelting 7/1/02	1 out of 4 after 4 weeks	1 after 1 week	5 weeks
Stoelting 7/16/02	10 out of 12 after 2 weeks	11(?) after 1 week	3 weeks
Ceramicrete 6/24/02	5 out of 5 after 5 weeks	5 after 1 week	6 weeks
Ceramicrete 7/8/02	9 out of 9 after 3 weeks	9 after 1 week	4 weeks
Ceramicrete 8/5/02		36 bonds prepared
PSI-326 7/1/02	10 out of 12 after 4 weeks	8 after 1 week	5 weeks
PSI-326 8/5/02		24 prepared
Fastcure 08107 4/4/02	8 out of 25 after 4 months	7 after 1 week	about 4 months
Fastcure 08107 8/5/02		24 prepared

Winter tests of adhesives. Water temperature is ambient. On February 2, 2005, adhesives applied to live scallops, blotted dry with paper towels. Adhesive allowed to cure in air on bench top. Lab temperature approximately 64 degrees F; outdoor temperature about 30 degrees F. Adhesive and scallops returned to outdoor pearl net cages. Cages retrieved on April 28, 2005.

adhesive	test outside	total time
3M Co. Fastcure 08107 2/2/05	9 out of 12 intact	12 weeks
North Sea Resins 150 2/2/05	19 out of 19 intact	12 weeks